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Biology

CHEMICAL COORDINATION AND INTEGRATION IN LIVING ORGANISMS |HORMONES|THE PITUITARY GLAND |THE PINEAL GLAND|THYROID HORMONES |THYMUS ADRENAL GLAND|PANCREAS|MECHANISM OF HORMONE ACTION

 CHEMICAL COORDINATION AND INTEGRATION https://www.facebook.com/sciencegajab/  visit for fb page  HORMONES ARE  • Non-nutrients  chemicals • Intercellular  messengers • Produced in trace amount. • Generally endocrine gland secretions are Hormones but some chemicals also considered as hormones which are not produced by endocrine glands. Human endocrine system  Endocrine gland location – 1. Head --> Hypothalamus, Pituitary gland and Pineal gland 2. Neck --> Thyroid & Parathyroid 3. Thorax --> Thymus 4. Abdomen --> Pancreas & Adrenal gland 5. Pelvic region --> Ovary in female & Testis in Male (in scrotum) Non endocrine parts which secretes few hormones are  Gastrointestinal tract, kidney, liver and heart THE HYPOTHALAMUS:  • Present at Basal part of diencephalon (fore brain)  • Made by several group of neurosecretory cells called NUCLEI which produce hormones • Its hormones regulate the synthesis and secretion of pituitary gland. • Nucl
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BIODIVERSITY|Evolution of Biodiversity |Biodiversity classification |Biodiversity conservation strategies |Threats to Biodiversity |Biodiversity hotspots and their conservation |Biodiversity and Ecosystem services |Biodiversity and climate change | Sustainable management of biodiversity

  BIODIVERSITY 1. BIODIVERSITY  Sum total of diversity that exists at all levels of biological organisation. o Levels of biodiversity --> Genetic, Species and Ecosystem levels 2. GENETIC DIVERSITY : o A single species might show high diversity at the genetic level over its distributional range. o India has more than 50,000 genetically different strains of rice, and 1,000 varieties of mango. 3. SPECIES DIVERSITY: o The diversity at the species level. o For example, the Western Ghats have a greater amphibian species diversity than the Eastern Ghats.   4. ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY: o At the ecosystem level, India, with its deserts, rain forests, mangroves, coral reefs, wetlands, estuaries, and alpine meadows has a greater ecosystem diversity than a Scandinavian country like Norway. 5. More than 1.5 million species have been recorded in the world, but there might still be nearly 6 million species on earth waiting to be discovered and named. o Of the named species, >

MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE | BUILDING BLOCK OF NUCLEIC ACID |TRANSCRIPTION |GENETIC CODE |GENE REGULATION |THE LAC OPERON |HUMAN GENOME PROJECT |DNA FINGERPRINTING

 MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE. NCERT Based & Simplified 1. Finding out the chemical responsible for Mendelian inheritance (factor), its structure,& How it works is  MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE. 2. DNA act as genetic material in all cellular organism either it is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. o RNA ACT AS GENETIC MATERIAL ONLY IN SOME VIRUSES. o RNA also act as messenger ,adaptor & structural RNA. o RNA also act as enzyme molecule(Ribozyme) @ RNA World Hypothesis 3. THE DNA ●Polymer of Nucleotide -->POLYNUCLEOTIDE ●The length of DNA is expressed in base pair (bp) ●Specific for particular organism. ●Bp is number of nucleotide pairs in DNA ●Bacteriophage -Φ174 5386 nucleotides. ●Bacteriophage -->48502 bp ●E.coli --> 4.6x106 bp ●Human -->3.3 x109 bp in haploid cell. 4. BUILDING BLOCK OF NUCLEIC ACID and NUCLEOTIDE o A nucleotide has three component -a nitrogenous base (either purine or pyrimidine) ,deoxyribose pentose sugar& a p